تحلیل مدیریتی دعاوی ناشی از تأخیر در پروژه‌های عمرانی و ارائه مدل استاندارد مدیریت دعاوی

چکیده مقاله :

پژوهش حاضر با هدف بازسازی منطق نهادی شکل‌گیری دعاوی ناشی از تأخیرات در پروژه‌های عمرانی ایران انجام شده و بر این پیش‌فرض استوار است که تأخیرات، برخلاف تصور رایج، پدیده‌هایی صرفاً زمانی یا فنی نیستند، بلکه حاصل تعامل شبکه‌ای ضعف‌های حقوقی، مدیریتی و فرآیندی‌اند. مسئله اصلی پژوهش تبیین این است که چگونه خلأ در تقسیم مسئولیت‌ها، نقص در مستندسازی و اختلال در چرخه اطلاع‌رسانی، ظرفیت تبدیل یک رویداد زمانی ساده به تعارض حقوقی پیچیده را ایجاد می‌کند. برای پاسخ به این مسئله، رویکردی کیفی–تحلیلی به‌کار گرفته شده که بر تحلیل مضمون سه‌سطحی، تحلیل تطبیقی حقوقی، بازسازی فرآیند «تأخیر–ادعا» و مدل‌سازی علّی DEMATEL استوار است. داده‌های پژوهش از اسناد قراردادی، پرونده‌های داوری، گزارش‌های پروژه و استانداردهای بین‌المللی گردآوری شده و پس از کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی، در قالب سه محور حقوقی، مدیریتی و فرآیندی سامان‌دهی شده‌اند. تحلیل تطبیقی، جایگاه این محورها را در مقایسه با نظام‌های انگلستان، آمریکا و استرالیا روشن کرده است. تحلیل فرآیندی نشان می‌دهد که خلل در دو مرحله اخطار اولیه و تحلیل تأثیر زمانی، عامل اصلی تبدیل تأخیر به ادعاست. مدل‌سازی DEMATEL نیز ساختار علّی شبکه میان سه محور را آشکار ساخته است. سنتز نهایی پژوهش الگوی سه‌محوری تولید دعوی را ارائه می‌کند که در آن تأخیر، تنها زمانی به اختلاف قطعی تبدیل می‌شود که سه شکاف یادشده به‌طور هم‌زمان فعال باشند. این الگو مبنایی برای تدوین مدل استاندارد مدیریت دعاوی تأخیرات فراهم می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد که کنترل تعارضات زمانی تنها با اصلاح یکپارچه بسترهای حقوقی، مدیریتی و فرآیندی امکان‌پذیر است.

چکیده انگلیسی :

The present research aims to reconstruct the institutional logic of the formation of claims arising from delays in Iran's civil projects and is based on the premise that delays, contrary to common belief, are not merely temporal or technical phenomena, but the result of a network interaction of legal, managerial, and process weaknesses. The main issue of the research is to explain how gaps in the division of responsibilities, deficiencies in documentation, and disruptions in the information cycle create the capacity to turn a simple temporal event into a complex legal conflict. To answer this issue, a qualitative-analytical approach has been employed, based on three-level thematic analysis, comparative legal analysis, reconstruction of the "delay-claim" process, and causal modeling with DEMATEL. The research data were collected from contractual documents, arbitration files, project reports, and international standards, and after open, axial, and selective coding, organized into three legal, managerial, and process axes. The final synthesis of the research presents the three-axis claim production model in which delay turns into definite dispute only when the three mentioned gaps are simultaneously active. This model provides a basis for developing a standard delay claims management model and shows that controlling temporal conflicts is possible only with integrated reform of legal, managerial, and process platforms

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